What is Stoicism?
Stoicism is an ancient Greek philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. It teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions. The philosophy holds that by understanding the world and what we are able to control, we can achieve a state of tranquility (ataraxia) and happiness. Stoics aim to live in accordance with nature, which they believed meant living in accordance with reason and virtue.
It is a practical philosophy, concerned less with theoretical speculation and more with how to live a good life. Stoicism emphasizes the importance of logic, physics, and ethics as interconnected parts of a philosophical system.
Core Principles of Stoicism
Virtue is the Only Good
The Stoics believed that virtue (wisdom, justice, courage, temperance) is the sole good, and vice is the sole evil. External things like wealth, health, or reputation are indifferent; they are not inherently good or bad, but can be used virtuously or viciously.
Dichotomy of Control
Stoicism teaches that some things are within our control, and some are not. Our thoughts, judgments, desires, and actions are within our control, while external events, other people's opinions, our health, and our possessions are not. We should focus our energy on what we can control and accept what we cannot.
Living in Accordance with Nature
This means living rationally and in harmony with the natural order of the universe. It involves accepting events as they unfold, understanding our role in the cosmos, and acting with reason and social responsibility.
Premeditatio Malorum (Premeditation of Evils)
This practice involves contemplating potential misfortunes or difficulties in advance. The goal is not to be pessimistic, but to prepare oneself mentally, reduce the shock of adversity, and appreciate what one has.
Acceptance and Amor Fati
Stoics advocate for accepting reality as it is, including all its challenges and setbacks. Amor fati, Latin for "love of fate," is the attitude of embracing everything that happens, both good and bad, as necessary and ultimately beneficial for one's growth.
Key Stoic Figures
Stoicism was championed by many influential thinkers throughout history. Some of the most prominent include:
- Zeno of Citium (Founder)
- Cleanthes (Successor to Zeno)
- Chrysippus (Systematizer of Stoicism)
- Seneca the Younger (Roman statesman, playwright, and philosopher)
- Epictetus (Greek Stoic philosopher, a former slave)
- Marcus Aurelius (Roman Emperor and philosopher)
"We suffer more often in imagination than in reality."
Applying Stoicism Today
Stoicism offers timeless wisdom that remains highly relevant in the modern world. Its emphasis on mental resilience, emotional regulation, and focusing on what truly matters can help individuals navigate the complexities of contemporary life. By practicing the core principles, one can cultivate a greater sense of peace, purpose, and strength, regardless of external circumstances.
Consider how the dichotomy of control can help you manage stress in your daily life. Reflect on what aspects of your work, relationships, or personal challenges are truly within your power to influence, and consciously shift your focus and energy accordingly. Embracing virtue as the highest good can lead to a more meaningful and ethical way of living.
"Waste no more time arguing about what a good man should be. Be one."