Selected Foundational Texts
"The Republic" by Plato
A seminal work of philosophy and political theory, exploring justice, the ideal state, and the nature of reality through dialogues featuring Socrates. Its influence on Western thought is immeasurable.
"Meditations" by Marcus Aurelius
A series of personal writings by the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, outlining his Stoic philosophy and reflections on life, duty, and virtue. Offers timeless wisdom on inner peace and resilience.
"The Prince" by Niccolò Machiavelli
A political treatise that analyzes how to acquire and maintain political power. It controversially separates politics from traditional morality, offering pragmatic advice to rulers.
"On the Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin
This groundbreaking scientific work introduces the theory of evolution by natural selection. It fundamentally changed our understanding of life on Earth and our place within it.
"The Communist Manifesto" by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
A powerful political pamphlet outlining the principles of communism and the history of class struggle. It has had a profound impact on political movements and ideologies worldwide.